Fertilizing with ammonia-based fertilizers is one way that pH decreases over time, potentially leading to lower than desirable pH in the seedling root zone. The number of Montana soil samples with pH less than 6.5 has increased 4-fold in the last 20 years (AgVise Laboratories, Inc., unpublished data). The decrease of soil pH in the rooting zone can be relatively rapid. Idaho agricultural soils went from pH around 7 to pH less than 6 in about 25 years (6). As pH drops below 5.5, soil clay releases aluminum (Al) and Mn, which can quickly reach levels toxic to plants (5). See Soil pH and Organic Matter for more information on these topics.
Soils have large quantities of most nutrients, yet the majority of these nutrients are not in the soil solution, but instead are bound to the soil. Some of these nutrients are available to plants because they are only weakly bound as exchangeable nutrients. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) is one measure of the total amount of exchangeable cations that canbe held by the soil, and generally is a good general indicator of soil fertility. Cation exchange capacity is higher in soils with high amounts of clay and organic matter, and is lower in acid soils. Soil pH strongly affects the plant availability of each of the nutrients, with pH levels near 7 generally having optimum availability.
Soil Fertility and Fertilizers (8th Edition) book pdf
Nutrient Management modules covering such topics as soil sampling and laboratory selection, plant nutrition and soil fertility, and cycling and fertilization for each of the essential plant nutrients.
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